haemorrhage, chronic disease) or poor perfusion (e.g. Pallor: a pale colour of the skin that can suggest underlying anaemia (e.g.congestive heart failure, pericarditis) or respiratory disease (e.g. Shortness of breath: may indicate underlying cardiovascular (e.g.peripheral vasoconstriction secondary to hypovolaemia) or inadequate oxygenation of the blood (e.g. Cyanosis: a bluish discolouration of the skin due to poor circulation (e.g.Inspect the patient from the end of the bed whilst at rest, looking for clinical signs suggestive of underlying pathology: Positive pressure ventilation (i.e.You might also be interested in our OSCE Flashcard Collection which contains over 2000 flashcards that cover clinical examination, procedures, communication skills and data interpretation.Neck extension and jaw protrusion (can increase it twofold).General anesthesia – multifactorial, including loss of skeletal muscle tone and bronchoconstrictor tone.The ratio of physiologic dead space to tidal volume is usually about 1/3. Alveolar dead space is the volume of gas within unperfused alveoli (and thus not participating in gas exchange either) it is usually negligible in the healthy, awake patient. Anatomic dead space is the volume of gas within the conducting zone (as opposed to the transitional and respiratory zones) and includes the trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles it is approximately 2 mL/kg in the upright position. Physiologic or total dead space is the sum of anatomic dead space and alveolar dead space. Dead space is the volume of a breath that does not participate in gas exchange.
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